TWP/MWR/C1 - Rain on window

The data is subject to contamination due to rain on the sensor window
and should be used with caution because the heater/blower assembly that
prevents water from accumulating on the sensor's teflon window was out
of commission.

• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)

• 23.8 GHz sky signal(sky23)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• 23.8 GHz noise injection brightness temperature(unoise23)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(sky31)
• 23.8 GHz sky plus noise injection signal(skyn23)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• 31.4 GHz noise injection brightness temperature(unoise31)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• 31.4 GHz sky+noise injection signal(skyn31)

• 23.8 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r23)
• 23.8 GHz noise diode calib (injection temp) at Tkxc(23ndiode)
• Tip configuration number(tipn)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody signal(31tipbb)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• 23.8 GHz calibration curve slope(23gain)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(tipsky31)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody signal(23tipbb)
• 31.4 GHz noise diode calib adjusted to tknd_nom and low_pass filltered(31expave)
• 31.4 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r31)
• 23.8 GHz calibration curve offset(23tbzenith)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal+noise injection signal(31tipskynd)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• 31.4 GHz calibration curve offset(31tbzenith)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(tipsky23)
• 31.4 GHz noise diode calib (injection temp) at Tkxc(31ndiode)
• 31.4 GHz calibration curve slope(31gain)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• 23.8 GHz noise diode calib adjusted to tknd_nom and low_pass filltered(23expave)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal+noise injection signal(23tipskynd)

• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal+noise injection signal(tipskynd23)
• 31.4 GHz calibration curve slope(gain31)
• 31.4 GHz zenith brightness temperature(tbzenith31)
• 31.4 GHz noise diode calib adjusted to tknd_nom and low_pass filtered(expave31)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(tipsky31)
• 31.4 GHz noise diode calib (injection temp) at Tkxc(ndiode31)
• 23.8 GHz zenith brightness temperature(tbzenith23)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(tipsky23)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody signal(tipbb23)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• 23.8 GHz calibration curve slope(gain23)
• 23.8 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r23)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody signal(tipbb31)
• 31.4 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r31)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal+noise injection signal(tipskynd31)
• 23.8 GHz noise diode calib adjusted to tknd_nom and low_pass filtered(expave23)
• 23.8 GHz noise diode calib (injection temp) at Tkxc(ndiode23)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• Tip configuration number(tipn)

TWP/MWR/C1 - Rain on window

The data is subject to contamination due to rain on the sensor window
and should be used with caution because the heater/blower assembly that
prevents water from accumulating on the sensor's teflon window was out
of commission.

• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)

• 23.8 GHz sky signal(sky23)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• 23.8 GHz noise injection brightness temperature(unoise23)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(sky31)
• 23.8 GHz sky plus noise injection signal(skyn23)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• 31.4 GHz noise injection brightness temperature(unoise31)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• 31.4 GHz sky+noise injection signal(skyn31)

• 23.8 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r23)
• 23.8 GHz noise diode calib (injection temp) at Tkxc(23ndiode)
• Tip configuration number(tipn)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody signal(31tipbb)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• 23.8 GHz calibration curve slope(23gain)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(tipsky31)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody signal(23tipbb)
• 31.4 GHz noise diode calib adjusted to tknd_nom and low_pass filltered(31expave)
• 31.4 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r31)
• 23.8 GHz calibration curve offset(23tbzenith)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal+noise injection signal(31tipskynd)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• 31.4 GHz calibration curve offset(31tbzenith)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(tipsky23)
• 31.4 GHz noise diode calib (injection temp) at Tkxc(31ndiode)
• 31.4 GHz calibration curve slope(31gain)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• 23.8 GHz noise diode calib adjusted to tknd_nom and low_pass filltered(23expave)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal+noise injection signal(23tipskynd)

• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal+noise injection signal(tipskynd23)
• 31.4 GHz calibration curve slope(gain31)
• 31.4 GHz zenith brightness temperature(tbzenith31)
• 31.4 GHz noise diode calib adjusted to tknd_nom and low_pass filtered(expave31)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(tipsky31)
• 31.4 GHz noise diode calib (injection temp) at Tkxc(ndiode31)
• 23.8 GHz zenith brightness temperature(tbzenith23)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(tipsky23)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody signal(tipbb23)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• 23.8 GHz calibration curve slope(gain23)
• 23.8 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r23)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody signal(tipbb31)
• 31.4 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r31)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal+noise injection signal(tipskynd31)
• 23.8 GHz noise diode calib adjusted to tknd_nom and low_pass filtered(expave23)
• 23.8 GHz noise diode calib (injection temp) at Tkxc(ndiode23)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• Tip configuration number(tipn)

TWP/MWR/C1 - Rain on window

The heater/blower assembly that prevents water from accumulating on the
sensor's Teflon window appears to not be working throughout this period.
Consequently, the data is subject to contamination due to rain on the
sensor window for several hours after the end of rain events and should
be used with caution.

• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)

• 23.8 GHz sky signal(sky23)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• 23.8 GHz noise injection brightness temperature(unoise23)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(sky31)
• 23.8 GHz sky plus noise injection signal(skyn23)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• 31.4 GHz noise injection brightness temperature(unoise31)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• 31.4 GHz sky+noise injection signal(skyn31)

• 23.8 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r23)
• 23.8 GHz noise diode calib (injection temp) at Tkxc(23ndiode)
• Tip configuration number(tipn)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody signal(31tipbb)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• 23.8 GHz calibration curve slope(23gain)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(tipsky31)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody signal(23tipbb)
• 31.4 GHz noise diode calib adjusted to tknd_nom and low_pass filltered(31expave)
• 31.4 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r31)
• 23.8 GHz calibration curve offset(23tbzenith)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal+noise injection signal(31tipskynd)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• 31.4 GHz calibration curve offset(31tbzenith)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(tipsky23)
• 31.4 GHz noise diode calib (injection temp) at Tkxc(31ndiode)
• 31.4 GHz calibration curve slope(31gain)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• 23.8 GHz noise diode calib adjusted to tknd_nom and low_pass filltered(23expave)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal+noise injection signal(23tipskynd)

• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal+noise injection signal(tipskynd23)
• 31.4 GHz calibration curve slope(gain31)
• 31.4 GHz zenith brightness temperature(tbzenith31)
• 31.4 GHz noise diode calib adjusted to tknd_nom and low_pass filtered(expave31)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(tipsky31)
• 31.4 GHz noise diode calib (injection temp) at Tkxc(ndiode31)
• 23.8 GHz zenith brightness temperature(tbzenith23)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(tipsky23)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody signal(tipbb23)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• 23.8 GHz calibration curve slope(gain23)
• 23.8 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r23)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody signal(tipbb31)
• 31.4 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r31)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal+noise injection signal(tipskynd31)
• 23.8 GHz noise diode calib adjusted to tknd_nom and low_pass filtered(expave23)
• 23.8 GHz noise diode calib (injection temp) at Tkxc(ndiode23)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• Tip configuration number(tipn)

TWP/MWR/C1 - Incorrect lat/lon/alt recorded in data files

The lat/lon/alt values were mixed up in these files.  The
correct values are:

latitude = -2.058
longitude = 147.425
altitude = 4.0 (corrected from previous 6.1)

• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)
• east longitude for all the input platforms.(lon)
• north latitude for all the input platforms.(lat)

• east longitude for all the input platforms.(lon)
• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)
• north latitude for all the input platforms.(lat)

• east longitude for all the input platforms.(lon)
• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)
• north latitude for all the input platforms.(lat)

• east longitude for all the input platforms.(lon)
• north latitude for all the input platforms.(lat)
• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)

TWP/MwR/C1 - Incorrect lat/lon/alt recorded in data files

The lat/lon/alt values were mixed up in these files.  The
correct values are:

latitude = -2.058
longitude = 147.425
altitude = 4.0 (corrected from previous 6.1)

• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)
• east longitude for all the input platforms.(lon)
• north latitude for all the input platforms.(lat)

• east longitude for all the input platforms.(lon)
• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)
• north latitude for all the input platforms.(lat)

• east longitude for all the input platforms.(lon)
• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)
• north latitude for all the input platforms.(lat)

• east longitude for all the input platforms.(lon)
• north latitude for all the input platforms.(lat)
• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)

TWP/C1 - Incorrect elevation reported in Manus Data

Bill Clements reports we have been using 6m MSL as the station elevation of Momote 
(Manus).  This was based on information posted near the station barometer in the Momote Weather 
Service Office.  It turns out that the official WMO station elevation for Momote is 4m 
MSL and the upper air elevation is 5m MSL.

All Manus instruments except the sonde station are at 4m MSL. The sonde launching station 
is at 5m MSL.

• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)

• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)

• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)

• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)

• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)

TWP/MWR/C1 - Intermittent Negative Sky Brightness Temperatures

Several related and recurring problems with the MWRs have been reported
dating back to 1999.  These problems were due to the occurrence of
blackbody signals (in counts) that were half of those expected. The
symptoms included noisy data, spikes in the data, negative brightness
temperatures, and apparent loss of serial communication between the
computer and the radiometer, which results in a self-termination of the
MWR program.

Because these all initially appeared to be hardware-related problems,
the instrument mentor and SGP site operations personnel (1) repeatedly
cleaned and replaced the fiber optic comm. components, (2) swapped
radiometers, (3) sent radiometers back to Radiometrics for evaluation
(which did not revealed any instrument problems), and (4) reconfigured
the computer's operating system.  Despite several attempts to isolate
and correct it, the problem persisted.

It became apparent that some component of the Windows98 configuration
conflicted with the DOS-based MWR program or affected the serial port
or the contents of the serial port buffer. This problem was finally
corrected by upgrading the MWR software with a new Windows-compatible
program.

• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)

• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)

TWP/MWR/C1 - min/max/delta values incorrect

The values of valid_min, valid_max, and valid_delta for fields tkxc and tknd were 
incorrect. They should be 303, 333, and 0.5 K, respectively

• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)

TWP/MWR/C1 - wrong azimuth

The MWR was initially installed at an azimuth angle defined as 180 degrees but the value 
in the configuration file was not changed from the default of 0 degrees. In examining 
photos taken during the installation of the AWS tower, I noticed that the MWR was rotated 
opposite the normal orientation. The value in the configuration file was changed to reflect 
the actual azimuth of the instrument.

• Actual Azimuth(actaz)

• Actual Azimuth(actaz)

TWP/MWR/C1 - Reprocess: Revised Retrieval Coefficients

IN THE BEGINNING (June 1992), the retrieval coefficients used to derive 
the precipitable water vapor (PWV) and liquid water path (LWP) from the 
MWR brightness temperatures were based on the Liebe and Layton (1987) 
water vapor and oxygen absorption model and the Grant (1957) liquid 
water absorption model.

Following the SHEBA experience, revised retrievals based on the more 
recent Rosenkranz (1998) water vapor and oxygen absorption models and 
the Liebe (1991) liquid waer absorption model were developed.  The 
Rosenkranz water vapor absorption model resulted a 2 percent increase 
in PWV relative to the earlier Liebe and Layton model.  The Liebe 
liquid water absorption model decreased the LWP by 10% relative to the 
Grant model.  However, the increased oxygen absorption caused a 
0.02-0.03 mm (20-30 g/m2) reduction in LWP, which was particularly 
significant for low LWP conditions (i.e. thin clouds encountered at 
SHEBA).

Recently, it has been shown (Liljegren, Boukabara, Cady-Pereira, and 
Clough, TGARS v. 43, pp 1102-1108, 2005) that the half-width of the 
22 GHz water vapor line from the HITRAN compilation, which is 5 percent 
smaller than the Liebe and Dillon (1969) half-width used in Rosenkranz 
(1998), provided a better fit to the microwave brightness temperature 
measurements at 5 frequencies in the range 22-30 GHz, and yielded more 
accurate retrievals. Accordingly, revised MWR retrieval coefficients 
have been developed using MONORTM, which utilizes the HITRAN compilation 
for its spectroscopic parameters.  These new retrievals provide 3 
percent less PWV and 2.6 percent greater LWP than the previous 
retrievals based on Rosenkranz (1998).

Although the MWR data will be reprocessed to apply the new monortm-based 
retrievals, for most purposes it will be sufficient to correct the data 
using the following factors:

PWV_MONORTM = 0.9695 * PWV_ROSENKRANZ
LWP_MONORTM = 1.026  * LWP_ROSENKRANZ

The Rosenkranz-based retrieval coefficients became active at TWP.C1 
20020504.0200.  The MONORTM-based retrieval coefficients became active 
at TWP.C1 20050630.2100.

Note: a reprocessing effort is already underway to apply the 
Rosenkranz-based retrieval coefficients to all MWR prior to April 
2002.  An additional reprocessing task will be undertaken to apply 
the MONORTM retrieval to all MWR data when the first is completed. 
Read reprocessing comments in the netcdf file header carefully to 
ensure you are aware which retrieval is in play.

• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)

• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)

• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)

• Total water vapor along zenith path using tip-derived brightness temperatures(vaptip)
• Total liquid water along zenith path using tip-derived brightness temperatures(liqtip)

TWP/MWR/C1 - New software version (4.15) installed

A problem began with the installation of MWR.EXE version 4.12 in October 2002. The 
software had been upgraded from a "DOS" to a "Windows"-compiled program to address an earlier 
problem.  The software upgrade corrected the earlier problem but introduced a new one that 
caused line-of-sight observing cycles to be skipped, a 15% reduction in the number of tip 
curves, and saturation of CPU usage.  Software versions 4.13 and 4.14 also produced 
these problems.

The new MWR software version (4.15) was installed on 9/13/2005. As a consequence of this 
upgrade, the tip curve frequency increased. The tip cycle time decreased from ~60s to ~50s.

• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(sky31)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• Sky/Cloud Infra-Red Temperature(sky_ir_temp)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(sky23)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)

• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• 23.8 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r23)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz derived from this tip(tnd31I)
• 31.8 GHz sky brightness temperature derived from tip curve(tbskytip31)
• Total liquid water along zenith path using tip-derived brightness temperatures(liqtip)
• Tip configuration number(tipn)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• Total water vapor along zenith path using tip-derived brightness temperatures(vaptip)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(tipsky31)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• 31.4 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r31)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature derived from tip curve(tbskytip23)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(tipsky23)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• Blackbody temperature 1(tkbb1)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz derived from this tip(tnd23I)
• Blackbody temperature 2(tkbb2)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)

TWP/MWR/C1 - Software Change

The MWR operating software was changed on 27 February 1999 to provide additional 
functionality as described below. This change affects the format of the raw and ingested data. 

NEW FEATURES

1. Faster sampling rate

Standard line-of-sight (LOS) observations can now be acquired at
15-second intervals vs. 20-second intervals previously. (The standard
LOS cycle is comprised of one sky sample per blackbody sample and gain
update.)

2. More flexible sampling strategy

Multiple sky observations can be acquired during a LOS cycle, up to
1024 per gain update. This permits sky samples to be acquired at
intervals of 2.67 seconds for improved temporal resolution of cloud
liquid water variations and better coordination with the millimeter
cloud radar during IOPs.

3. Separation of zenith LOS observations from TIP data

When the radiometer is in TIP mode, the zenith LOS observations are
now extracted, the PWV and LWP computed and reported separately in the
output file. This eliminates the periods of missing LOS data during
calibration checks/updates.

4. Automatic self-calibration

The software now permits the calibration to be updated at specified
intervals or continuously. In the first case, LOS mode is
automatically changed to TIP mode at user-specified intervals or
whenever clear sky conditions occur, the tip data reduced, the
calibration updated ,and the radiometer returned to LOS mode without
operator intervention. In the second case, the radiometer is
continuously is TIP mode until changed by the operator.

5. Graphical user display

The graphical display is comprised of a status display, a message
display, a temperature plot, a plot of the retrieved PWV and LWP, and
(in TIP mode) a plot of the latest tip curves.

• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• Actual Azimuth(actaz)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• north latitude for all the input platforms.(lat)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(sky31)
• Time offset from base_time(base_time)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)
• Actual elevation angle(actel)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• Sky/Cloud Infra-Red Temperature(sky_ir_temp)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(sky23)
• east longitude for all the input platforms.(lon)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)

• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(sky23)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• north latitude for all the input platforms.(lat)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• 23.8 GHz noise injection brightness temperature(unoise23)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• Actual Azimuth(actaz)
• altitude above sea levelaltunits(alt)
• Actual elevation angle(actel)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• Time offset from base_time(base_time)
• east longitude for all the input platforms.(lon)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(sky31)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• 23.8 GHz sky plus noise injection signal(skyn23)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• 31.4 GHz noise injection brightness temperature(unoise31)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• Which LOS configuration(losn)
• Sky/Cloud Infra-Red Temperature(sky_ir_temp)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• 31.4 GHz sky+noise injection signal(skyn31)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)

TWP/MWR/C1 - software upgrade (version 3.29)

The MWR operating program was upgraded to version 3.29 on 15 March 1999. This version 
includes a beam width correction as well as providing the capability to automatically level 
the elevation mirror (that is, to automatically detect and correct offsets in the 
elevation angle stepper motor position.)
   
The improvement in the quality of the tip curves resulting from the auto-leveling has been 
dramatic: differences in the brightness temperatures at 3 airmasses (19.5 and 160.5 
degrees) have been reduced from +/- 5 K to +/- 0.5 K.  In order to take full advantage of 
this improvement to detect and reject cloudy tip curves, the minimum value of the 
goodness-of-fit coefficient for a valid tip curve has been increased from 0.995 to 0.998.

• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)

• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)

SGP/MWR/B1/B4/B5/B6 - data file split at 23:59

A problem with the MWR operating software has been corrected.  However, several files were 
generated that contain one record of data collected at midnight but labeled with the 
previous day's date.

• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(sky23)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Time offset from base_time(base_time)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(sky31)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)

• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(sky23)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• Time offset from base_time(base_time)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(sky31)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)

• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)
• 31.4 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r31)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(tipsky31)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• Actual Azimuth(actaz)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz derived from this tip(tnd23I)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• Time offset from base_time(base_time)
• 23.8 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r23)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(tipsky23)
• Actual elevation angle(actel)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz derived from this tip(tnd31I)

• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(sky31)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• Time offset from base_time(base_time)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(sky23)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)

• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(sky31)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(sky23)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• Time offset from base_time(base_time)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)

• 23.8 GHz sky signal(tipsky23)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(tipsky31)
• 23.8 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r23)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz derived from this tip(tnd31I)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• Actual elevation angle(actel)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• Time offset from base_time(base_time)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz derived from this tip(tnd23I)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Actual Azimuth(actaz)
• 31.4 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r31)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)

• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Actual Azimuth(actaz)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(tipsky31)
• 31.4 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r31)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• Actual elevation angle(actel)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(tipsky23)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz derived from this tip(tnd31I)
• Time offset from base_time(base_time)
• 23.8 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r23)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz derived from this tip(tnd23I)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)

• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(sky31)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Time offset from base_time(base_time)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(sky23)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)

• Actual elevation angle(actel)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• Actual Azimuth(actaz)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz derived from this tip(tnd23I)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(tipsky23)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(tipsky31)
• 31.4 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r31)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz derived from this tip(tnd31I)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)
• 23.8 GHz goodness-of-fit coefficient(r23)
• Time offset from base_time(base_time)

• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(sky23)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• Time offset from base_time(base_time)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(sky31)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)

• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• Time offset from base_time(base_time)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(sky31)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(sky23)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)

• Mean IR brightness temperature(ir_temp)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 23.8 GHz(tc23)
• Water on Teflon window (1=WET, 0=DRY)(wet_window)
• Mean 23.8 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky23)
• Noise injection temp at 23.8 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd23)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 31.4 GHz(tnd_nom31)
• Ambient temperature(tkair)
• 23.8 GHz Blackbody signal(bb23)
• Time offset of tweaks from base_time(time_offset)
• Blackbody kinetic temperature(tkbb)
• Time offset from base_time(base_time)
• Mean total liquid water amount along LOS path(liq)
• Mean total water vapor amount along LOS path(vap)
• Mean 31.4 GHz sky brightness temperature(tbsky31)
• 31.4 GHz Blackbody signal(bb31)
• 31.4 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn31)
• 23.8 GHz sky signal(sky23)
• 23.8 GHz blackbody+noise injection signal(bbn23)
• Noise diode mount temperature(tknd)
• Temperature correction coefficient at 31.4 GHz(tc31)
• Noise injection temp at 31.4 GHz adjusted to tkbb(tnd31)
• Mixer kinetic (physical) temperature(tkxc)
• Noise injection temp at nominal temperature at 23.8 GHz(tnd_nom23)
• 31.4 GHz sky signal(sky31)